PMC

Cumulative distribution functions of various parameters of adenosine spikes recorded from motor cortex (11 rats) and dorsal striatum (12 rats) regions were plotted as cumulative probability curves and compared. (A) Adenosine spike amplitudes recorded from the motor cortex were larger than those recorded in the dorsal striatum (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, D = 0.66, P < 0.05). (B) The durations of adenosine spikes were longer in the motor cortex compared to the dorsal striatum (D = 0.68, P < 0.01). (C) The interevent intervals between adenosine spikes were longer in the motor cortex than the dorsal striatum (D = 0.65, P < 0.01). (D) Adenosine spike frequencies were not different between the motor cortex and the dorsal striatum (D = 0.5, P = 0.67).

Immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescent intensities of the proteins in the motor cortex. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images and MFI of AIF in the motor cortex of each group. AIF molecules are green. AIF molecules were analyzed in the motor cortex. Results are presented as the Mean ± SEM of 3 rats from each group. (** p < 0.001 and *** p < 0.0001) compared with the SHAM, NT group; (^## p < 0.001 compared with the HIE, NT group; each group, n = 3). Scale bar, 100 µm. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images and MFI of Cytochrome C in the motor cortex of each group. Cytochrome C molecules (green) were analyzed in the motor cortex. Data are presented as the Mean ± SEM of 3 rats from each group. (** p < 0.001 and *** p < 0.0001) compared with the SHAM, NT group; (^## p < 0.001 compared with the HIE, NT group); each group, n = 3. Scale bar, 100 µm. (C) Representative immunofluorescence images and MFI of Cleaved caspase-3 in the motor cortex of each group. Cleaved caspase-3 molecules (green) were analyzed in the motor cortex. Results are presented as the Mean ± SEM of 3 rats from each group. (* p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.0001) compared with the SHAM, NT group); each group, n = 3. Scale bar, 100 µm. (D) Representative immunofluorescence images and MFI of SMAC in the motor cortex of each group. SMAC molecules (green) were analyzed in the motor cortex. Results are presented as the Mean ± SEM of 3 rats of each group. (** p < 0.001 and *** p < 0.0001) compared with the SHAM, NT group); each group, n = 3. Scale bar, 100 µm. (E) Representative immunofluorescence images and MFI of OPA1 in the motor cortex of each group. OPA1 molecules (green) were analyzed in the motor cortex. Individual data are presented as the Mean ± SEM from 3 rats in each group. (*** p < 0.0001) compared with the SHAM-NT group; (^## p < 0.001 compared with the HIE, NT group); each group, n = 3. Scale bar, 100 µm.

Microgliosis is prominent in the motor cortex of prpTDP-43^A315T-UeGFP. a A representative image of motor cortex of WT-UeGFP mice showing normal presence of microglia (Iba1+) with high-magnification images from layer 2/3 and layer 5 of motor cortex in (c and d) respectively. b A representative image of motor cortex of prpTDP-43^A315T-UeGFP mice showing microgliosis with high-magnification images from layer 2/3, and layer 5 of motor cortex showing activated microglia adjacent to the apical dendrite and soma of corticospinal motor neurons in (e and f), respectively. g, h Quantification of number of microglia in layer 2/3 (g) and layer 5 (h) shows no difference in number of total microglia the motor cortex. i, j Quantification of activated microglia in layer 2/3 (i) and layer 5 shows a progressive increase of activated microglia in the motor cortex of prpTDP-43^A315T-UeGFP mice. Scale bar: a, d = 10 μm; b, c, e, f = 20 μm. *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.0004, ****p < 0.0001

tbfMRI map (A) demonstrating results of left hand finger tapping to activate right motor cortex. tbfMRI map (A) was used as reference. When compared with tbfMRI (A), template seed (B) rsfMRI attained score of 1 in right motor cortex using anatomically expected left motor cortex location. When compared with tbfMRI (A), functional seed (C) rsfMRI attained score of 2 in right motor cortex using left motor cortex location determined by tbfMRI. ICA map (D) of rsfMRI attained score 2 in right motor cortex. All images are demonstrated left-on-left (neurologic convention).